커뮤니티 케어와 integrated care(1) integrated care의 정의

2020. 3. 31. 16:15의료

integrated care models: an overview. WHO working document

2019년 대한민국에 커뮤니티케어 아젠다가 일으킨 파장은 꽤 컸다.

 

이는 복지 분야 뿐만 아니라, 의료계에서도 그동안 해오던 많은 서비스 방식에 대한 근본적인 변화를 부를 수 있는 내용이었기 때문이다.

 

우리 보다 먼저 고령화의 길로 들어선 일본과 유럽에 비해 대한민국의 고령화 속도는 훨씬 빠르다 보니, 기존 모델들 중 지리적으로도 가장 가깝고, 언어와 문화가 비슷한 일본의 <지역포괄케어>를 많이 참고하여 만든 것이 대한민국의 <커뮤니티케어>라고 해도 과언이 아니다.


그러나 일본의 <지역포괄케어>도 유럽의 <integrated care>에서 많은 부분 인용하여 그들의 상황에 맞게 체계화시킨 것이고, 일본도 지역에 따라, 정확하게는 각 지역의사회가 얼마나 적극적이냐에 따라서 <지역포괄케어>가 잘 정착된 지역과, <노인지옥>이라 불리는 지역이 나뉘게 되었다는 사실을 놓쳐서는 안된다.

 

우리 대한민국도 일본의 <지역포괄케어> 모델만을 무작정 따를 것이 아니라, 유럽의 <integrated care>의 개념과 사례들을 차분하게 살펴보고, 우리 실정에 맞는 <커뮤니티케어>모델을 만들어 적용할 필요가 있다.

 

이것은 고령화로 인해 빠르게 늘어나는 integrated care 의 수요자들을 어떻게 의사가 의료서비스 공급자로서의 역할을 어떻게 지켜나갈 것인지 모색하는 방법이기도 하다.

 

WHO 유럽지부의 <integrated care models: an overview>에는, 먼저 integrated care의 정의가 나와있는데, 단박에 정의내릴 수 없어서 3가지 측면에서 정리하고 있다.

 

Integrated care is often contraposed to fragmented and episodic care, and it is used synonymously to terms like coordinated care and seamless care, among others. However, there is no unifying definition or common conceptual understanding of integrated care, which is most likely a result of ‘the polymorphous nature of integrated care itself’ (7). In effect, the perspectives that construct the concept are likely to be shaped by views and expectations of various stakeholders in the health system.(Fig 1)

 

integrated care는 종종 분절적이거나, 산발적인 care의 반대말이고, 조화롭고(coordinated) 원활한(seamless) care와 비슷한 말로 쓰인다. 그러나 integrated care를 이해할 수 있는 통일되거나 공통된 정의는 없다. 이는 integrated care 그 자체로 다양한 속성이 있기 때문이다. 그래서 본 개념은 헬스케어 시스템의 다양한 이해 관계자들의 관점과 예상으로 만들어질 수 있을 것이다.(Fig 1)

 

다양한 관점과 개념에 근거해서, 3개의 정의가 문헌들에서는 쓰이고 있다.

 

1. A process-based definition used by many national governments in order to understand the different components of integrated care.

(integrated care 각각의 구성을 이해하기 위해 많은 국가 정부가 이용하는 '프로세스'에 기초한 정의)

 

“Integration is a coherent set of methods and models on the funding, administrative, organizational, service delivery and clinical levels designed to create connectivity, alignment and collaboration within and between the cure and care sectors. The goal of these methods and models is to enhance quality of care and quality of life, consumer satisfaction and system efficiency for people by cutting across multiple services, providers and settings.  Where the result of such multi-pronged efforts to promote integration leads to benefits for people, the outcome can be called integrated care”.

 

This definition imbues integrated care with the qualities of care coordination, as a continuous support process over time, yet primarily bounded within the scope of health care. The definition rightly describes the complexity and intersectoral nature of integrated care and it has the advantage of distinguishing between integration, i.e. the process by which professionals and organisations come together; and integrated care understood as the outcome experienced by service users. However, the definition is rather a mechanistic one, as integrated care is seen as a set of interconnecting processes rather than something that has a specific meaning or value to the end user. 

 

2. A user-led definition that supports a defining narrative and purpose for integrated care strategies at all levels of the system. 

(시스템의 모든 레벨에서 integrated care의 사례와 목적을 규정을 '사용자'가 만들어가는 정의)

 

“My care is planned with people who work together to understand me and my carer(s), put me in control, coordinate and deliver services to achieve my best outcomes”

 

This definition of integrated care, now employed by the Government of England as part of a central narrative to frame its integrated care strategies, is determined by people themselves. This user-led definition followed a year-long national consultation process coordinated by National Voices – a patient representative group. In this instance, the definition itself is perhaps not as important as the process through which it was derived, as it highlights the importance of population and individual needs in design, implementation and evaluation of integrated care models. The definition has been accepted nationally as the narrative for cross-governmental efforts.

 

3. A health system-based definition as used by WHO Regional Office for Europe. 

(WHO 유럽 지부에서 사용하는 '보건시스템'에 기초한 정의)

 

“Integrated health services delivery is defined as an approach to strengthen people-centred health systems through the promotion of the comprehensive delivery of quality services across the life-course, designed according to the multidimensional needs of the population and the individual and delivered by a coordinated multidisciplinary team of providers working across settings and levels of care. It should be effectively managed to ensure optimal outcomes and the appropriate use of resources based on the best available evidence, with feedback loops to continuously improve performance and to tackle upstream causes of ill health and to promote well-being through intersectoral and multisectoral actions”.

 

This definition adopts a health system perspective and uses the term ‘integrated health services delivery (IHSD)’, acknowledging that integrated care is achieved through the alignment of all health system functions and effective change management.

 

이 세가지 정의 모두에는, 개인, 그 가족 그리고 지역사회의 욕구가 integrated care의 중심에 있음을 내포하고 있다.

 

Indeed, there is considerable evidence that the use of such a perspective ought to lie at the heart of any discussion about integrated care in order to bring together potentially competing factions. This is not just because a user-centred vision for care delivery overcomes the tendency to choose structural or organisationally-based solutions, but also because it provides a compelling case as to the objectives for integrated care and, therefore, how success might be assessed.

 

...

사실, integrated care를 대한민국에서 어떻게 번역을 하는 것이 옳은 것인지 모르겠다.

 

직역하여 '통합의료'라고 하면 꽤 큰 오해의 소지가 있을 것 같다.

 

인터넷 검색창에 '통합의료'를 쳐보면 '대체의학'이나 '의료공학'과 혼재되어 쓰이고 있는 경우가 많아서, 여기 블로그에서는 integrated care로 사용하도록 하겠다.

 

최대한 혼란을 막기 위해 위키피디아 링크를 걸어둔다.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_care

 

Integrated care - Wikipedia

Integrated care, also known as integrated health, coordinated care, comprehensive care, seamless care, or transmural care, is a worldwide trend in health care reforms and new organizational arrangements focusing on more coordinated and integrated forms of

en.wikipedia.org